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The Divine Office

This page explains what the Divine Office is, how the traditional Roman Breviary and the Liturgy of the Hours compare, and how to begin praying it yourself with a single hour. At the end is a complete short hour, Sunday Compline, in Latin and English, and a list of good places to find the texts.

What the Divine Office is

The Divine Office is the Church's public prayer through the day and night. At set hours, from before dawn to bedtime, the Church praises God, listens to Scripture and prays for the world. The Second Vatican Council called it "the voice of the bride addressed to her bridegroom", and said its purpose is to make the whole course of the day holy (Sacrosanctum Concilium, 84 and 88).

The psalms are at its heart. Most of each hour is made up of psalms, with short readings, hymns and prayers around them. The pattern goes back to the Psalter itself: "Seven times a day I have given praise to thee" and "I rose at midnight to give praise to thee" (Psalm 118:164 and 118:62, Douay-Rheims). St Benedict quotes both verses to explain why monks pray seven times by day and once in the night.

The same prayer goes by several names. Divine Office is the traditional name. Breviary is the name of the book that holds it. Liturgy of the Hours is the name used for the reformed office since 1971. St Benedict called it the Work of God (Opus Dei).

Who prays it. The Code of Canon Law asks priests, and deacons on their way to the priesthood, to pray the Liturgy of the Hours every day. Permanent deacons pray the part their bishops' conference sets (canon 276 §2, 3°). Religious pray it as their own constitutions lay down (canon 1174 §1). Lay people have no obligation, but the Church strongly encourages them to take part (canon 1174 §2). The Council asked parish priests to see that Vespers is sung in church on Sundays and feasts, and it encouraged lay people to pray the office with priests, with each other, or alone (Sacrosanctum Concilium, 100).

The two forms of the Roman office

The Roman Rite has two forms of the office, just as it has two forms of the Mass.

The traditional Roman Breviary. After the Council of Trent, Pope St Pius V issued a reformed Roman Breviary in 1568. In 1911 Pope St Pius X rearranged the psalms with Divino Afflatu so that the whole Psalter is prayed every week, which came into force in 1913. The office was shortened further in 1955 and again under St John XXIII in 1960. The 1960 breviary is the edition that goes with the 1962 Missal. It has eight hours:

The Liturgy of the Hours. The Council asked for the office to be revised (Sacrosanctum Concilium, 89). Pope St Paul VI promulgated the new office with Laudis Canticum on 1 November 1970, and the Latin edition, Liturgia Horarum, followed on 11 April 1971. The psalms are now spread over four weeks instead of one. Morning and Evening Prayer are the two "hinges" of the day. Prime was suppressed. Outside choir, a person may pray just one of the three daytime hours, whichever suits the time of day.

Here is how the hours line up:

In Ireland and Britain the English edition of the Liturgy of the Hours is The Divine Office. The United States has its own edition, and a new English translation has been approved there, due to come into use between Lent 2027 and Advent 2028.

The monastic office of St Benedict

The Rule of St Benedict, written in the sixth century, gives the monastic form of the office. Benedict sets seven day hours: Lauds, Prime, Terce, Sext, None, Vespers and Compline. To these he adds the night office of Vigils. All 150 psalms are sung every week, starting again each Sunday at Vigils, and he says that "nothing is to be preferred to the Work of God" (Rule, chapters 16, 18 and 43). His Compline is the simplest of all: the same three psalms every night (4, 90 and 133), sung without antiphons. Benedictine houses that keep the older books today pray from the Breviarium Monasticum, the monastic breviary. Its hours carry the same names as the Roman ones but distribute the psalms differently. Both monasteries mentioned below, Le Barroux and Silverstream, sing the office this way, in Latin and Gregorian chant.

How to start

Do not try to pray the whole office at once. Begin with one hour and keep to it. Compline is the usual first step. It is short, it comes at the natural end of the day, and it hardly changes from night to night. In the Liturgy of the Hours, the Sunday psalms of Night Prayer may be used on any night, which makes it easy to learn by heart. In the monastic office, Compline is the same every night.

  1. Choose your form. Lay people are under no obligation, so choose whichever helps you pray. Many people pray the form of the office that goes with the Mass they attend. Others follow a monastery they know.
  2. Choose your text. A free website or app is the easiest way to begin, because it puts the right texts for the day in order for you. Printed breviaries come later. See the resources below.
  3. Fix a time and a place. For Compline this means just before bed, every night.
  4. Pray it slowly. Say the words quietly aloud, or in your heart if you need to. In printed books an asterisk (*) in the middle of each psalm verse marks a short pause.
  5. Do not worry about rules at first. The rubrics (the instructions printed in red) only matter much once you use a printed book. A website or app takes care of them.
  6. Add a second hour when the first is a habit. Usually that means Vespers or Evening Prayer, or Lauds or Morning Prayer.

How an hour is laid out

Every hour is built from the same few parts. Once you know them, any hour in either form is easy to follow.

  1. Opening versicle. Almost every hour begins with "Deus, in adjutorium meum intende", which means "O God, come to my assistance; O Lord, make haste to help me" (Psalm 69:2). Then comes the Glory be, and Alleluia except in Lent (in the traditional books, from Septuagesima to Easter). A versicle is a short line said by one voice and answered by all.
  2. Hymn. A short sung poem for the hour or the feast. In the Liturgy of the Hours it always comes near the start. In the traditional Breviary it comes near the start of Matins and the little hours, after the reading at Lauds and Vespers, and after the psalms at Compline.
  3. Psalms with antiphons. The core of the hour. An antiphon is a short verse said before and after a psalm that sets its key. Each psalm ends with the Glory be. The traditional books number the psalms as the Latin Vulgate does, which is usually one lower than modern Bibles: Psalm 90 in the Breviary is Psalm 91 in most modern Bibles.
  4. Reading. A short passage of Scripture, called the chapter (capitulum) in the traditional books. Matins and the Office of Readings have long readings instead, from Scripture and from the Fathers or the saints.
  5. Responsory. A short answer to the reading, made of a verse and a response that repeat.
  6. Gospel canticle. At Lauds or Morning Prayer this is the Benedictus, the song of Zachary (Luke 1:68-79). At Vespers or Evening Prayer it is the Magnificat, Our Lady's song (Luke 1:46-55). At Compline or Night Prayer it is the Nunc dimittis, the song of Simeon (Luke 2:29-32). A canticle is a psalm-like song from elsewhere in the Bible.
  7. Intercessions. In the Liturgy of the Hours, Morning and Evening Prayer have intercessions and the Our Father here. The traditional Breviary has short prayers called preces on some days.
  8. Prayer. The collect, the closing prayer of the day or feast.
  9. Conclusion. A short dismissal or blessing. Compline ends with an antiphon to Our Lady that changes with the season.

An example: Sunday Compline from the Roman Breviary

This is Compline for Sunday as it stands in the Roman Breviary after the 1911 reform of St Pius X, which is also Sunday Compline in the 1960 breviary. On weekdays the antiphon and the psalms change, and in Eastertide some parts take an Alleluia. The rest is the same every night. The psalms and the Nunc dimittis are given in the Douay-Rheims translation as revised by Bishop Challoner. The hymn is St John Henry Newman's translation. The other English is from the Marquess of Bute's translation of the Roman Breviary (1908 edition). All three are in the public domain. Instructions are in italics.

Compline begins with a request for a blessing and a short reading. In the 1960 books the first line reads "Jube, Dómine, benedícere".

V. Jube, domne, benedícere.Sir, be pleased to give the blessing.
Benedictio. Noctem quiétam et finem perféctum concédat nobis Dóminus omnípotens. R. Amen.The Blessing. May the Almighty Lord grant us a quiet night and a perfect end. R. Amen.
Lectio brevis (1 Pet 5:8-9). Fratres: Sóbrii estóte, et vigiláte: quia adversárius vester diábolus tamquam leo rúgiens círcuit, quærens quem dévoret: cui resístite fortes in fide.Short Lesson (1 Peter 5:8-9). Brethren, be sober, be vigilant: because your adversary the devil as a roaring lion walketh about, seeking whom he may devour: whom resist ye, stedfast in the faith.
V. Tu autem, Dómine, miserére nobis. R. Deo grátias.But Thou, O Lord, have mercy upon us. R. Thanks be to God.
V. Adjutórium nostrum in nómine Dómini. R. Qui fecit cælum et terram.V. Our help is in the Name of the Lord. R. Who made heaven and earth.

The Our Father is said silently. In the 1960 books an examination of conscience may be made instead. Then follows the confession.

Confíteor Deo omnipoténti, beátæ Maríæ semper Vírgini, beáto Michaéli Archángelo, beáto Joánni Baptístæ, sanctis Apóstolis Petro et Paulo, et ómnibus Sanctis, quia peccávi nimis, cogitatióne, verbo et ópere: mea culpa, mea culpa, mea máxima culpa. Ídeo precor beátam Maríam semper Vírginem, beátum Michaélem Archángelum, beátum Joánnem Baptístam, sanctos Apóstolos Petrum et Paulum, et omnes Sanctos, oráre pro me ad Dóminum Deum nostrum.I confess to God Almighty, to the Blessed Mary, always a Virgin, to the Blessed Michael the Archangel, to the Blessed John the Baptist, to the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, and to all the Saints, that I have sinned exceedingly in thought, word, and deed, by my fault, by my fault, by my most grievous fault. Therefore I beseech the Blessed Mary, always a Virgin, the Blessed Michael the Archangel, the Blessed John the Baptist, the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, and all the Saints, to pray to the Lord our God for me.
Misereátur nostri omnípotens Deus, et dimíssis peccátis nostris, perdúcat nos ad vitam ætérnam. R. Amen.Almighty God have mercy on us, forgive us our sins, and bring us to life everlasting. R. Amen.
Indulgéntiam, absolutiónem et remissiónem peccatórum nostrórum tríbuat nobis omnípotens et miséricors Dóminus. R. Amen.May the Almighty and merciful Lord grant us pardon, absolution, and remission of all our sins. R. Amen.
V. Convérte nos, Deus, salutáris noster. R. Et avérte iram tuam a nobis.V. Turn us, O God of our salvation. R. And cause Thine anger toward us to cease.
V. Deus, in adjutórium meum inténde. R. Dómine, ad adjuvándum me festína.V. Make haste, O God, to deliver me. R. Make haste to help me, O Lord.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto. Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen. Allelúja.Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen. Alleluia.

From Septuagesima until Easter, instead of Alleluia, this is said:

Laus tibi, Dómine, Rex ætérnæ glóriæ.Ceaseless praise to Thee be given, O Eternal King of heaven.

The three psalms are said under one antiphon. The antiphon is said before them (on some days only its first words) and in full after them. Each psalm ends with the Glory be.

Ant. Miserére mihi, Dómine, et exáudi oratiónem meam.Ant. Have mercy upon me, O Lord, and hear my prayer.

Psalm 4

Cum invocárem exaudívit me Deus justítiæ meæ: in tribulatióne dilatásti mihi.When I called upon him, the God of my justice heard me: when I was in distress, thou hast enlarged me.
Miserére mei, et exáudi oratiónem meam.Have mercy on me: and hear my prayer.
Fílii hóminum, úsquequo gravi corde? ut quid dilígitis vanitátem, et quǽritis mendácium?O ye sons of men, how long will you be dull of heart? why do you love vanity, and seek after lying?
Et scitóte quóniam mirificávit Dóminus sanctum suum: Dóminus exáudiet me cum clamávero ad eum.Know ye also that the Lord hath made his holy one wonderful: the Lord will hear me when I shall cry unto him.
Irascímini, et nolíte peccáre: quæ dícitis in córdibus vestris, in cubílibus vestris compungímini.Be angry, and sin not: the things you say in your hearts, be sorry for them upon your beds.
Sacrificáte sacrifícium justítiæ, et speráte in Dómino. Multi dicunt: Quis osténdit nobis bona?Offer up the sacrifice of justice, and trust in the Lord: many say, Who sheweth us good things?
Signátum est super nos lumen vultus tui, Dómine: dedísti lætítiam in corde meo.The light of thy countenance O Lord, is signed upon us: thou hast given gladness in my heart.
A fructu fruménti, vini, et ólei sui multiplicáti sunt.By the fruit of their corn, their wine and oil, they are multiplied.
In pace in idípsum dórmiam, et requiéscam;In peace in the selfsame I will sleep, and I will rest:
Quóniam tu, Dómine, singuláriter in spe constituísti me.For thou, O Lord, singularly hast settled me in hope.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto. Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

Psalm 90

Qui hábitat in adjutório Altíssimi, in protectióne Dei cæli commorábitur.He that dwelleth in the aid of the most High, shall abide under the protection of the God of heaven.
Dicet Dómino: Suscéptor meus es tu, et refúgium meum: Deus meus sperábo in eum.He shall say to the Lord: Thou art my protector, and my refuge: my God, in him will I trust.
Quóniam ipse liberávit me de láqueo venántium, et a verbo áspero.For he hath delivered me from the snare of the hunters: and from the sharp word.
Scápulis suis obumbrábit tibi: et sub pennis ejus sperábis.He will overshadow thee with his shoulders: and under his wings thou shalt trust.
Scuto circúmdabit te véritas ejus: non timébis a timóre noctúrno,His truth shall compass thee with a shield: thou shalt not be afraid of the terror of the night.
A sagítta volánte in die, a negótio perambulánte in ténebris: ab incúrsu, et dæmónio meridiáno.Of the arrow that flieth in the day, of the business that walketh about in the dark: of invasion, or of the noonday devil.
Cadent a látere tuo mille, et decem míllia a dextris tuis: ad te autem non appropinquábit.A thousand shall fall at thy side, and ten thousand at thy right hand: but it shall not come nigh thee.
Verúmtamen óculis tuis considerábis: et retributiónem peccatórum vidébis.But thou shalt consider with thy eyes: and shalt see the reward of the wicked.
Quóniam tu es, Dómine, spes mea: Altíssimum posuísti refúgium tuum.Because thou, O Lord, art my hope: thou hast made the most High thy refuge.
Non accédet ad te malum: et flagéllum non appropinquábit tabernáculo tuo.There shall no evil come to thee: nor shall the scourge come near thy dwelling.
Quóniam Ángelis suis mandávit de te: ut custódiant te in ómnibus viis tuis.For he hath given his angels charge over thee; to keep thee in all thy ways.
In mánibus portábunt te: ne forte offéndas ad lápidem pedem tuum.In their hands they shall bear thee up: lest thou dash thy foot against a stone.
Super áspidem, et basilíscum ambulábis: et conculcábis leónem et dracónem.Thou shalt walk upon the asp and the basilisk: and thou shalt trample under foot the lion and the dragon.
Quóniam in me sperávit, liberábo eum: prótegam eum, quóniam cognóvit nomen meum.Because he hoped in me I will deliver him: I will protect him because he hath known my name.
Clamábit ad me, et ego exáudiam eum: cum ipso sum in tribulatióne: erípiam eum et glorificábo eum.He shall cry to me, and I will hear him: I am with him in tribulation, I will deliver him, and I will glorify him.
Longitúdine diérum replébo eum: et osténdam illi salutáre meum.I will fill him with length of days; and I will shew him my salvation.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto. Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.

In the first verse Challoner's Douay-Rheims reads "the God of Jacob". The Latin says "the God of heaven", and that is given here.

Psalm 133

Ecce nunc benedícite Dóminum, omnes servi Dómini:Behold now bless ye the Lord, all ye servants of the Lord:
Qui statis in domo Dómini, in átriis domus Dei nostri.Who stand in the house of the Lord, in the courts of the house of our God.
In nóctibus extóllite manus vestras in sancta, et benedícite Dóminum.In the nights lift up your hands to the holy places, and bless ye the Lord.
Benedícat te Dóminus ex Sion, qui fecit cælum et terram.May the Lord out of Sion bless thee, he that made heaven and earth.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto. Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.
Ant. Miserére mihi, Dómine, et exáudi oratiónem meam.Ant. Have mercy upon me, O Lord, and hear my prayer.

Hymn

Te lucis ante términum, / Rerum Creátor, póscimus, / Ut pro tua cleméntia / Sis præsul et custódia.Now that the day-light dies away, / By all Thy grace and love, / Thee, Maker of the world, we pray / To watch our bed above.
Procul recédant sómnia, / Et nóctium phantásmata; / Hostémque nostrum cómprime, / Ne polluántur córpora.Let dreams depart and phantoms fly, / The offspring of the night, / Keep us, like shrines, beneath Thine eye, / Pure in our foe's despite.
Præsta, Pater piíssime, / Patríque compar Únice, / Cum Spíritu Paráclito / Regnans per omne sǽculum. Amen.This grace on Thy redeem'd confer, / Father, Co-equal Son, / And Holy Ghost, the Comforter, / Eternal Three in One. Amen.

Chapter, responsory and versicle

Capitulum (Jer 14:9). Tu autem in nobis es, Dómine, et nomen sanctum tuum invocátum est super nos: ne derelínquas nos, Dómine, Deus noster. R. Deo grátias.Chapter (Jeremias 14:9). Yet Thou, O Lord, art in the midst of us, and Thine holy Name is called upon us: leave us not, O Lord our God. R. Thanks be to God.
R. br. In manus tuas, Dómine, comméndo spíritum meum. R. In manus tuas, Dómine, comméndo spíritum meum.Short Responsory. Into Thine hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit. R. Into Thine hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit.
V. Redemísti nos, Dómine, Deus veritátis. R. Comméndo spíritum meum.V. Thou hast redeemed us, O Lord God of truth. R. I commend my spirit.
V. Glória Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto. R. In manus tuas, Dómine, comméndo spíritum meum.V. Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. R. Into Thine hands, O Lord, I commend my spirit.
V. Custódi nos, Dómine, ut pupíllam óculi. R. Sub umbra alárum tuárum prótege nos.V. Keep us, O Lord, as the apple of the eye. R. Hide us under the shadow of Thy wings.

The Song of Simeon (Luke 2:29-32)

Ant. Salva nos, Dómine, vigilántes, custódi nos dormiéntes; ut vigilémus cum Christo, et requiescámus in pace.Ant. O Lord, keep us waking, guard us sleeping: that we may wake with Christ and rest in peace.
Nunc dimíttis servum tuum, Dómine, secúndum verbum tuum in pace:Now thou dost dismiss thy servant, O Lord, according to thy word in peace;
Quia vidérunt óculi mei salutáre tuum,Because my eyes have seen thy salvation,
Quod parásti ante fáciem ómnium populórum,Which thou hast prepared before the face of all peoples:
Lumen ad revelatiónem géntium, et glóriam plebis tuæ Israël.A light to the revelation of the Gentiles, and the glory of thy people Israel.
Glória Patri, et Fílio, et Spirítui Sancto. Sicut erat in princípio, et nunc, et semper, et in sǽcula sæculórum. Amen.Glory be to the Father, and to the Son, and to the Holy Ghost. As it was in the beginning, is now, and ever shall be, world without end. Amen.
Ant. Salva nos, Dómine, vigilántes, custódi nos dormiéntes; ut vigilémus cum Christo, et requiescámus in pace.Ant. O Lord, keep us waking, guard us sleeping: that we may wake with Christ and rest in peace.

Under the older rubrics, short prayers called the preces follow on some days. The 1955 and 1960 books leave them out, as is done here. A priest or deacon says "Dominus vobiscum" (The Lord be with you) in place of the first "Domine, exaudi".

Prayer and blessing

V. Dómine, exáudi oratiónem meam. R. Et clamor meus ad te véniat.V. Hear my prayer, O Lord. R. And let my cry come unto Thee.
Orémus. Vísita, quǽsumus, Dómine, habitatiónem istam, et omnes insídias inimíci ab ea longe repélle: Ángeli tui sancti hábitent in ea, qui nos in pace custódiant; et benedíctio tua sit super nos semper. Per Dóminum nostrum Jesum Christum, Fílium tuum: qui tecum vivit et regnat in unitáte Spíritus Sancti, Deus, per ómnia sǽcula sæculórum. R. Amen.Let us pray. Visit, we beseech Thee, O Lord, this habitation, and drive far from it all snares of the enemy: let Thine holy Angels dwell herein, to keep us in peace, and may Thy blessing be always upon us. Through our Lord Jesus Christ, Thy Son, Who liveth and reigneth with Thee, in the unity of the Holy Ghost, one God, world without end. R. Amen.
V. Dómine, exáudi oratiónem meam. R. Et clamor meus ad te véniat.V. Hear my prayer, O Lord. R. And let my cry come unto Thee.
V. Benedicámus Dómino. R. Deo grátias.V. Bless we the Lord. R. Thanks be to God.
Benedictio. Benedícat et custódiat nos omnípotens et miséricors Dóminus, Pater, et Fílius, et Spíritus Sanctus. R. Amen.The Blessing. May the Almighty and Merciful Lord, the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, bless and keep us. R. Amen.

Compline ends with an antiphon to Our Lady that changes with the season. The Alma Redemptoris Mater is said from Advent to 2 February, the Ave Regina caelorum from then until Holy Thursday, and the Regina caeli in Eastertide. From Trinity Sunday until Advent it is the Salve Regina, given here.

Salve, Regína, mater misericórdiæ; vita, dulcédo et spes nostra, salve. Ad te clamámus éxsules fílii Hevæ. Ad te suspirámus geméntes et flentes in hac lacrimárum valle. Eja ergo, advocáta nostra, illos tuos misericórdes óculos ad nos convérte. Et Jesum, benedíctum fructum ventris tui, nobis post hoc exsílium osténde. O clemens, o pia, o dulcis Virgo María.Hail, O Queen, Mother of mercy! hail, our life, our sweetness, and our hope. To thee we cry, the banished sons of Eve. Toward thee we sigh, weeping and groaning in this vale of tears. Ah, then, thou our Advocate, turn on us those merciful eyes of thine! And, after this our exile, show to us Jesus, the blessed Fruit of thy womb. O most merciful, O most gracious, O most sweet Virgin Mary!
V. Ora pro nobis, sancta Dei Génetrix. R. Ut digni efficiámur promissiónibus Christi.V. Pray for us, holy Mother of God. R. That we may be made worthy of the promises of Christ.
Orémus. Omnípotens sempitérne Deus, qui gloriósæ Vírginis Matris Maríæ corpus et ánimam, ut dignum Fílii tui habitáculum éffici mererétur, Spíritu Sancto cooperánte, præparásti: da, ut, cujus commemoratióne lætámur, ejus pia intercessióne, ab instántibus malis et a morte perpétua liberémur. Per eúmdem Christum Dóminum nostrum. R. Amen.Let us pray. O Almighty and everlasting God, Who, by the co-operation of the Holy Ghost, didst make ready both the body and soul of the glorious Virgin and Mother Mary worthily to become a meet dwelling for Thy Son; grant that as we rejoice in her memory, so by her pitiful intercession we may be delivered from the evils that continually hang over us, and finally from everlasting death. Through the same Christ our Lord. R. Amen.
V. Divínum auxílium máneat semper nobíscum. R. Amen.God's most mighty strength alway / Be His people's staff and stay. R. Amen.

In the older books the Our Father, Hail Mary and Creed are then said silently. The 1955 and 1960 books leave this out.

If you would rather pray from a screen, Divinum Officium sets out Compline for today with the Latin and English side by side. You can choose the 1960 rubrics or an older or monastic version. Night Prayer from the Liturgy of the Hours is free each day at Universalis.

Resources

For the traditional office

For the Liturgy of the Hours

Further reading

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